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Hemoglobinuria

Definition

Hemoglobin is a molecule attached to red blood cells that helps move oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body.

Red blood cells have an average life span of 120 days. After this time, they are broken down into parts that can make a new red blood cell. This typically takes place in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver. If the red blood cells are hemolyzed (broken down) in the blood vessels, the parts are free in the blood stream.

If the level of hemoglobin in the blood rises too high, then hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine. This is called hemoglobinuria.

Alternative Names

How the test is performed

You need to collect a "clean-catch" (midstream) urine sample. To obtain a "clean-catch" sample, men or boys should wipe clean the head of the penis. Women or girls need to wash the area between the lips of the vagina with soapy water and rinse well.

As you start to urinate, allow a small amount to fall into the toilet bowl (this clears the urethra of contaminants). Then, in a clean container, catch about 1 to 2 ounces of urine and remove the container from the urine stream. Give the container to the health care provider or assistant.

For infants:

Thoroughly wash the area around the urethra. Open a urine collection bag (a plastic bag with an adhesive paper on one end), and place it on your infant. For males, the entire penis can be placed in the bag and the adhesive attached to the skin. For females, the bag is placed over the labia. Place a diaper over the infant (bag and all).

Check your baby frequently and remove the bag after the infant has urinated into it. For active infants, this procedure may take a couple of attempts -- lively infants can displace the bag, causing an inability to obtain the specimen. The urine is drained into a container for transport back to the health care provider.

How to prepare for the test

No special preparation is necessary for this test. If the collection is being taken from an infant, a couple of extra collection bags may be necessary.

How the test will feel

The test involves only normal urination.

Why the test is performed

This test may be used to help diagnose:

• Hemolytic anemia
• Infections
• The breakdown of red blood cells from a transfusion reaction or other process

Normal Values

Normally, hemoglobin does not appear in the urine.

What abnormal results mean

Hemoglobinuria may be a result of any of the following:

• Acute glomerulonephritis
• Pyelonephritis
• Transfusion reaction
• Crushing injury (more likely from myoglobin than hemoglobin)
• Burns
• Malaria
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
• Sickle cell anemia
• Hemoglobin C disease
• Hemoglobin SC disease
• Renal tumor
• Tuberculosis
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Thrombotic thromocytic purpura (TTP)
• Thalassemia

What the risks are

The test has no risks in adults or children, but occasionally an infant may develop a mild skin rash from the adhesive on the collection bag.

Review Date: 12/15/2006

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