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Lymph Node Biopsy
Definition
Lymph node biopsy is a test in which a lymph node or a piece of a lymph node is removed for examination under a microscope.
The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes connected by lymph vessels. The nodes produce white blood cells (lymphocytes) that fight infections. When an infection is present, the lymph nodes swell, produce more white blood cells, and attempt to trap the organisms that are causing the infection. The lymph nodes also try to trap cancer cells.
Alternative Names
Biopsy - lymph nodes
How the test is performed
The test is done in an operating room in a hospital, or at an outpatient surgical facility. There are two ways the sample may be obtained:
A needle biopsy involves inserting a needle into a node to obtain the sample. You will lie on the examination table. The biopsy site will be cleansed, and a local anesthetic will be injected. The biopsy needle is then inserted into the node. A sample is removed, pressure is applied to the site to stop the bleeding, and a bandage is applied.
An open biopsy consists of surgically removing all or part of a node. You will lie on the examination table. You may be given a sedative if you prefer. The skin over the biopsy site is cleansed, and a local anesthetic is injected (occasionally, a general anesthetic is given). A small incision is made, and the lymph node or part of the node is removed. The incision is then closed with stitches and bandaged.
The sample is then sent to the laboratory for examination.
How to prepare for the test
Tell your health care provider about any drug allergies you have, which medications you are taking (including any supplements or herbal remedies), if you have bleeding problems, and if you are pregnant. You must sign a consent form.
How the test will feel
When the local anesthetic is injected, there will be a prick and a mild stinging. The biopsy site will be tender for a few days after the test.
Why the test is performed
The test is used to help determine the cause of lymph node enlargement (swollen glands). It may also determine whether tumors in the lymph node are cancerous or noncancerous.
Normal Values
Enlarged lymph nodes may be caused by a number of conditions, ranging from very mild infections to serious malignancies. Benign conditions can often be distinguished from cancerous and infectious processes by microscopic examination. The pathologist may also perform additional tests on the lymph node tissue to assist in making a diagnosis.
What abnormal results mean
The examination of the tissue may show cancerous or noncancerous tumors, or the presence of infection.
Additional conditions under which the test may be performed:
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Sarcoidosis
What the risks are
With this test there is a small chance of infection or bleeding. Additionally, there is a moderate risk of nerve injury, localized paralysis, or numbness when the biopsy is performed on a lymph node close to nerves.
Special considerations
Review Date: 7/14/2006
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright ©2003 A.D.A.M., Inc., as modified by University of California San Francisco. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
Information developed by A.D.A.M., Inc. regarding tests and test results may not directly correspond with information provided by UCSF Medical Center. Please discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have.
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