Adrenal Disorders

Adrenal Insufficiency

Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment

Signs and Symptoms

The adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, secrete many hormones essential for the body's normal functions. People with adrenal insufficiency do not produce enough of two vital hormones, called cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol's most important function is to help the body respond to stress, such as surgery and illness, and recover from infections. The hormone also helps maintain blood pressure and cardiovascular functions and regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Aldosterone regulates the amount of salt, potassium and water in the body, maintaining the proper balance.

Men and women of all ages are equally affected by adrenal insufficiency, which may be permanent or temporary and can be treated with medications. Causes of the permanent form of the condition include Addison's disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, complete surgical removal of the pituitary gland or the adrenal glands. Temporary adrenal insufficiency can be caused by physical stress, infections, surgery or failure to take corrective medication.

The symptoms of adrenal insufficiency usually begin gradually. Early symptoms may include:

• Unusual fatigue and muscle weakness
• Dizziness when standing
• Nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Stomachache

Symptoms that may occur in the later stages of the disease include:

• Weight loss
• Dark tanning of the skin
• Craving for salt

Reviewed by health care specialists at UCSF Medical Center.
Last updated May 8, 2007